Uncommon to fairly common in the Andes, where its range does not overlap with closely related species to the north and south. Favors open habitats from puna plains to bleak desert and ski lodges, often with rocky cliffs nearby. Adult is strikingly patterned black-and-white with a black head and breast and a bold white tail tip. Juvenile is rather similar to smaller Chimango Caracara of lowlands, but distinguished by black (not pale) bill.
Habitats & Distribution
The Mountain Caracara primarily inhabits high-altitude environments, typically found at elevations ranging from 1,800 to 5,000 meters above sea level. It is most commonly associated with the Andean regions, where it frequents open landscapes such as grasslands, rocky areas, and alpine tundra. This bird is well-adapted to the rugged mountainous terrain, often seen foraging for food on steep slopes and in areas with sparse vegetation. Geographically, the Mountain Caracara's range extends along the Andes, from Colombia in the north through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and into northern regions of Chile and Argentina. The species favors areas with ample open space and limited forest cover, where it can hunt and scavenge with ease. Its preference for high-altitude habitats makes it less likely to be found in lower, more heavily vegetated regions.
Behaviours & Reproduction
Mountain Caracaras exhibit notable social behavior, often seen in pairs or small family groups. Their mating habits are characterized by monogamous pair bonds that can last for several years. During the breeding season, which typically occurs between September and December, they engage in elaborate aerial displays and vocalizations to strengthen pair bonds and signal readiness to mate. Nests are usually constructed on cliffs or rocky outcrops, providing safety and vantage points. Both parents are involved in nest building and rearing of the young, sharing responsibilities in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. Reproductive success in Mountain Caracaras is closely tied to their high-altitude habitats in the Andean mountains, where they exploit a range of food resources. The clutch size generally consists of 2 to 4 eggs, and the incubation period lasts around 28 to 32 days. After hatching, the chicks remain dependent on parental care for several months, gradually learning to forage and hunt on their own. This extended juvenile dependency period ensures the young birds are well-prepared for survival in the challenging mountainous terrain.
Diet
Being opportunistic, the Mountain Caracara usually feeds on the easiest prey that it can find, even human garbage. It probably feeds on seeds or searches for worms only when more palatable prey, such as mammal carcasses, are unavailable
Colors
Black, white
Fun Facts
Sails, soars, and tumbles easily on updrafts.
Conservation Status & Efforts
The Mountain Caracara is currently classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, primarily due to its wide distribution across the Andean highlands and relatively stable population trends. However, the species faces several threats, including habitat destruction due to agricultural expansion and human disturbances. Additionally, climate change poses a long-term risk by potentially altering its high-altitude habitats. Conservation efforts for the Mountain Caracara focus on habitat preservation and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. Protected areas within its range, such as national parks and reserves, play a crucial role in safeguarding its environment. Environmental education programs aimed at local communities emphasize the importance of the species and promote sustainable land-use practices to reduce habitat degradation. Additionally, ongoing research and monitoring help track population dynamics and inform future conservation strategies.
